Identify the wrong match. (A) Mo - Nitrogen metabolism (B) B- Carbohydrate translocation (C) Zn - Auxin synthesis (C) Fe - Splitting of water

Question:

Identify the wrong match. 

(A) Mo - Nitrogen metabolism 

(B) B- Carbohydrate translocation 

(C) Zn - Auxin synthesis 

(C) Fe - Splitting of water

Answer: option (D) "Fe - Splitting of water".

Explanation:

Solution:

option (A): MO - nitrogen metabolism: 

The molybdenum nitrogenize is responsible for most biological nitrogen fixation, a prokaryotic metabolic process that determines the global biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and carbon. 

option (B): B- Carbohydrate translocation: 

Boron is necessary for the translocation of sugar (carbohydrates) in plants. 

option (C): Zn - Auxin synthesis: 

Auxin is a growth hormone which is synthesized by tryptophan as a precursor by tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. Zinc helps in the biosynthesis of auxin and its oxidative attack by free radical. It suppresses the production of oxygen during the synthesis of auxin and also acts as a coenzyme and activates the enzyme for auxin formation. 

option (D): Fe - Splitting of water: 

The enzyme has four Mn ions. Light energized Mn and removes electrons from OH- component of water forming oxygen. So, the essential element required for water splitting in photosynthesis leading to release of oxygen is Mn. 

Hence, the wrong match is option (D) "Fe - Splitting of water".

write type of plant growth.

Question:

write type of plant growth.

Explanation: 

Types of Plant Growth

Primary and Secondary Growth

The meristematic cells present at the root and shoot apices divide mitotically and increase the length of the plant body. This is known as primary growth. Secondary growth is referred to as the increase in the diameter of the plant body by the division of the secondary meristem.

Unlimited Growth

When the plant constantly grows from the germination stage to death, it is called unlimited growth.

Limited Growth

In this stage, the plant parts stop growing after attaining a certain size.

Vegetative Growth

It involves the production of stem, leaves, and branches, except the flowers.

Reproductive Growth

Flowering occurs at this type of growth stage.

Write the Factors Affecting Plant Growth

Question:

Write the Factors Affecting Plant Growth

Explanation:

Factors Affecting Plant Growth

There are four major factors that affect the growth of the plants. They are:

Light

Plants are autotrophs. They require light for manufacturing their food. Limited light or the absence of it greatly affects the growth of the plant. The intensity of light, quality of light, and light duration influence the movement of stomata, chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and various other physiological factors. Light also encourages flowering and fruiting. During winters when the days are short, the growth of the plants is retarded.

Water

Plants cannot survive without water. Around 90% of the plant body comprises water. Plants become stressed in the absence of water and die. Water present in the soil is absorbed by the plant, which absorbs and transports the nutrients along with it. Water keeps the plant hydrated.

Temperature

Plant growth is greatly influenced by temperature. High temperatures speed up transpiration, photosynthesis, and germination processes. Low temperatures, however, slow down the growth of the plants.

Nutrients

Just like human beings, plants require proper nourishment for their growth and development. Soil nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus are the macronutrients required by the plants. The micronutrients include iron, copper, etc. Deficiency of these nutrients in plants makes them prone to several diseases. Even if a single nutrient is lacking, it results in stunted growth of the plant.

Fusion of dissimilar gamete is:- (i) Allogamy (ii) Fertilization (iii) Autogamy (iv) Dichogamy

Question:
Fusion of dissimilar gamete is:- 

(i) Allogamy 

(ii) Fertilization 

(iii) Autogamy 

(iv) Dichogamy

Answer: option (ii) "Fertilization".

Explanation:

Cross-pollination in a crop plant is known as allogamy. Allogamy is defined as fertilization of ovum of a flower by the pollen of another flower on the different plant. The pollen is transferred from the anther of a male flower to the stigma of a female flower. Allogamy takes place because of the male and female part of a particular flower mature at a different time. Dichogamy is a condition when the stamens and pistils of a flower mature at different times to prevent self-fertilization. Autogamy is the phenomena of fusion of gametes produced from the same individual. It involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. It is avoided when the number of seed is less, or the produced pollen is not able to fuse and germinate with the ovule of the same flower or the produced pollen are not healthy. Fusion of dissimilar gametes is fertilization. It takes place during sexual reproduction where the male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote. 

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii) "Fertilization".

Cylindrical bodied, worm-like marine animals belong to the phylum: a) Echinodermata b) Mollusca c) Coelenterata d) Hemichordata

Question:

Cylindrical bodied, worm-like marine animals belong to the phylum: 

a) Echinodermata 

b) Mollusca 

c) Coelenterata 

d) Hemichordata

Answer: option (d) "Hemichordata".

Explanation: 

Solution: (a) Characteristics of Echinodermata: They have a star-like appearance and are spherical or elongated. They are exclusively marine animals. The organisms are spiny-skinned. They exhibit organ level of organization. 

(b) characteristics of phylum Mollusca: They are mostly found in marine and freshwater. Very few are terrestrial and found in moist soil. They exhibit organ system level of organization. Their body has a cavity. The body is divided into head, visceral mass, muscular foot and mantle. 

(c) characteristics of phylum Coelenterata: These are mostly aquatic or marine habitat animals. These species exhibit a tissue-level organization. The mouth is enclosed by thin and short tentacles. They are diploblastic animals, in which, the body is made up of two layers of cells: Ectoderm - One layer makes up the cells outside the body Endoderm - the other forms the inner lining of the body.

(d) characteristics of phylum Hemichordata: Phylum Hemichordata consists of a small group of worm-like marine animals. They have organ-system level of organization, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk. 

Hence, the correct answer is option (d) "Hemichordata".

In which of the following does active transport take place? (A) Pumps (C) Ion channels (B) Carrier protein transport (D) Diffusion

Question:

In which of the following does active transport take place? 

(A) Pumps 

(C) Ion channels 

(B) Carrier protein transport 

(D) Diffusion

Answer: option (A) Pumps 

Explanation:

Pumps are a kind of active transport which pump ions and molecules against their concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy input in the form of ATP. Much like passive diffusion, protein pumps are specific for certain molecules. The sodium-potassium pump is one of the most significant transport proteins. It's the protein that allows your nerves to pass electrical charges so they function. The sodium-potassium pump works by transporting sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients. This basically means that it pumps these ions from areas of low concentrations (few ions) to areas of high concentration (many ions). The protein channels that undergo passive transport work against the pump, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell constantly, so the pumps work to remove the excess ions. 

So, correct answer is pumps in which Active transport take place.

Production of seed without fertilization is called as- (A) Polyembryony (B) Apomixis (C) Parthenocarpy (D) Apospory

Question:

Production of seed without fertilization is called as- 

(A) Polyembryony 

(B) Apomixis 

(C) Parthenocarpy 

(D) Apospory 

Answer: option (B) "Apomixis"

Explanation:

Apomixis refers to the formation of the plant from a seed without fertilization. Apomixis is very common in higher plants. Apomixis can be best described as the reference to the asexual process. The plant produced is a clone of the female parent plant. Examples of apomixis: Cereals, Rosaceae, Compositae, Rutaceae and wheat, are some examples of Apomixis. So, Apomixis is the development of a seed without fertilization. Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction which mimics sexual reproduction. 

Hence, the correct answer is option (B) "Apomixis".

In some plants where flowering occurs more than once what would you will call the inter flowering period:(A) Juvenile (B) Mature (C) Senescent (D) Aging

Question:

In some plants where flowering occurs more than once what would you will call the inter flowering period:

(A) Juvenile 

(B) Mature 

(C) Senescent 

(D) Aging 

Answer: option (A) Juvenile

Explanation:

Option A : The plants which flower more than once, their inter - flowering period represents the juvenile phase. Although they pass the mature phase of flowering for the first time. But for flowering for the next time, they require further development. Therefore this is the correct option.

Option B: Mature phase of a plant is when it has the ability to flower and reproduce. In plants where flowering occurs more than once, the plant regresses back to the juvenile phase before it flowers again. Therefore this is an incorrect option. 

Option C: Senescent phase marks the end of the reproductive phase of the plant. Senescent phase signifies that after this phase the plant cannot reproduce. Therefore this is an incorrect option. 

Option D:Plant senescence is the process of aging in plants. Plants have both stress-induced and age-related developmental aging. Chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence reveals the carotenoids, such as anthocyanin and xanthophylls and is the cause of autumn leaf color in deciduous trees. Leaf senescence has the important function of recycling nutrients, mostly nitrogen, to growing and storage organs of the plant. Therefore this is an incorrect option. 

Hence, the correct answer is option (A) "Juvenile".

The alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale of Liliaceae induces (A) Sterility (B) Dormancy (C) Cell Division (D) Polyploidy

Question:

The alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale of Liliaceae induces 

(A) Sterility 

(B) Dormancy 

(C) Cell Division 

(D) Polyploidy

Answer: option (D) Polyploidy

Explanation:

Colchicine is an alkaloid from the tree Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), used to induce polyploidy in plants. It prevents the microtubule formation during cell division, thus the chromosomes do not pull apart like they normally do. Due to which cell has double the number of chromosomes that it would normally have. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

 

Ploidy level of Nucellus, Endosperm, Polar nuclei, Megaspore mother cell, female gametophyte respectively are (A) 2n,3n,n,2n,n (B) 2n,3n,2n,n,n (C) n,2n,n,2n,n (D) 2n,3n,2n,2n,n

Question:

Ploidy level of Nucellus, Endosperm, Polar nuclei, Megaspore mother cell, female gametophyte respectively are 

(A) 2n,3n,n,2n,n 

(B) 2n,3n,2n,n,n 

(C) n,2n,n,2n,n 

(D) 2n,3n,2n,2n,n

Answer: Correct option (A)  2n,3n,n,2n,n 

Explanation:

• Nucellus, microspore mother cells (MMC), and megaspore mother cells are part of sporophyte so these are diploid cells and their ploidy is 2n. And female gametophytes are part of gametophyte and ploidy is n. 
• The endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the growing embryo. About 70% of angiosperm species have polyploid endosperm cells. These are typically triploid but can vary widely from diploid (2n) to 15n.
• Sperm released fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid cell that develops into the endosperm.
• A megaspore mother cell is a diploid cell in which meiosis occurs, resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores.
• Hence, Ploidy level of Nucellus, endosperm, polar nuclei, Megaspore mother cell, female gametophyte respectively are 2n,3n,n,2n,n.
• So, the correct answer is '2n,3n,n,2n,n'.

1. 
   

Define All Types Of Errors In Physics.

Question:

Define All Types Of Errors In Physics.

Explanation:

In Physics, an error is defined as the difference between the actual value and the calculated value of any physical quantity.

There are two types of errors in physics:

Random Errors

Random error occurs when repeated measurements of the quantity give different values under the same conditions. This error occurs due to some unknown reasons.

Systematic Errors

Systematic errors occur when all the measurements of physical quantities are affected equally and give consistent differences in the readings. The error may occur due to:

• Poor calibration of the instrument
• Zero error in measuring instrument
• Incorrect calibration on the measuring instruments

What is Growth Habit?

 Question:

What is Growth Habit?

Explanation:

In horticulture, the term growth habits refer to the plant’s growth and its development or change in the plant’s height, shape and the kind of growth it undergoes. There are genetic factors as well as environmental factors which play an important role in their growth habit.

For instance, interaction with various animals influences the way plants adapt to their environment. From an evolutionary perspective, growth habits have the function of ensuring the survival and adaptation of plants in various habitats, consequently increasing the chances of successfully passing on the genes to the next generation.

How are climbers different from creepers?

 Question:

How are climbers different from creepers?

Explanation:

The main difference between climbers and creepers are:
Creepers spread their stem, leaves horizontally along with the soil on the ground and also bear flowers along with the fruits on the ground. The leaves of the creepers produce fibre-like roots which fix the plant to the ground and provide external support to grow further.
Climbers are plants with a tender stem which grow with the help of external support. These plants produce a twine or hook from their leaves to climb. Some plants produce special roots that serve as the holdfasts to climb around certain objects.

What are the important sources of organic compounds?

 The main sources of organic compounds are plant and animal kingdoms. Organic compounds are isolated from these two natural sources by solvent extraction followed by purification. These two sources are again converted naturally into petroleum oil, natural gas, and coal. Organic compounds always contain carbon along with other elements that are needed for living organisms to function. All organic compounds are one time came from plants or animals many of our most important substance are still derived from these sources directly or indirectly.

Nowadays synthesis is the most important source of organic compounds. So, the sources of organic compounds, in short, are-

Plants and animals: By using suitable methods of isolation most of the organic compounds were obtained directly from plants and animals in the past and at present, these methods are continuing. Many organic compounds are obtained straightforwardly from plant and animals sources by a suitable method of isolation a few common examples are carbohydrates (cellulose, sugar, and starches) proteins (silk, wool, casein, and food proteins) fats and oils (cottonseed soybean oils lard, butter) alkaloids (quinine, morphine, strychnine) hormones, vitamins, perfumes, flavors and resins. There are four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The compounds which are obtained from these sources are –

• Carbohydrates: Cellulose, starch, sugar, lactose, etc.
• Protein: Food proteins, wool, silk, casein, etc.
• Fats and oils: Cottonseed, soya bean oil, lard, butter, etc.
• Alkaloids: Quinine, morphine, ephedrine, etc.
• Perfumes: Citral, limonen, mascone, etc.
• Vitamins: Vit. C, B2, B6, etc.
• Hormones, Resins, rubber, etc.

Petroleum oil and natural gas: Hundreds of hydrocarbons such as methane, octane, kerosene, petrol, benzene, toluene and other petrochemicals are obtained which are further used as raw materials of polymers, plastics, synthetic rubber, explosives, etc. Natural gas and petroleum are now the key sources of organic compounds they are used as fuels and also, through the synthetic organic reaction for the production of hundreds of valuable organic substances such as solvents, synthetic rubber, explosive, and plastic. The main energy source, fuel is obtained from natural gas and crude petroleum oil. Urea is a good example which is obtained from natural gas on our planet.

Coal: Another fossil fuel coal is the major source of organic compounds, coal-tar are raw materials of many aromatic compounds. Coal is another key source of organic compounds. It yields coke and coal-tar on hydrolysis or destructive distillation more than 200 organic compounds have been in a straight line isolated from coal-tar, these coal-tar products from the starting resources for the manufacture of thousands of helpful aromatic compounds, including perfumes, drugs, dyes, photographic developers, and other.

Synthesis: Simple organic compounds resulting from petroleum or coals have been transformed into thousands of helpful resources by a synthetic process. Many useful organic compounds including drugs, vitamins, plastics, dyes, etc. are prepared from simple raw materials by multistep synthesis. Many examples might be cited of synthetic organic compounds replacing those obtained from natural sources, such as dyes, rubber, fibers, plastic, drugs, vitamins in many cases the synthetic materials are better to the natural compounds replaced for example, synthetic dyes are greater to those of usual source in other cases the synthetic resources are completely unidentified in nature and fill the requirements not contented are completely other sources. Examples are ether glycol; aspirin, and sulfur drugs, synthetic organic chemistry touches almost every phase of life.

Hence, the important sources of organic compounds are plant and animal kingdoms.

What is genetic drift?

Question:

What is genetic drift?

Explanation:

Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution in which the allele frequencies change over generations as a matter of chance. It occurs in populations of all sizes but its effect is the maximum in a small population. Genetic drift is observed when there is a sudden decline in the population due to natural disasters (bottleneck effect), or when a new population separates from the original population to form a colony (founder effect). Genetic drift does not take into account whether the allele is beneficial or harmful to the individual carrying it. It is possible that a beneficial allele is lost and a harmful allele persists.

State the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

 Question:

 State the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

Explanation:

The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that in a large population not affected by the evolutionary processes such as mutation, selection or migration, the allele frequencies and the genotype frequencies are constant from one generation to the other. The principle can be explained by the simple equation: 

(p+q)2 = p2 +q2 + 2pq = 1 

Where, 

p = frequency of allele  

q = frequency of allele  

p2 = frequency of individual 

q2 = frequency of individual  

2pq = frequency of individual.

What is the driving force behind divergent evolution? Explain.

Question:

What is the driving force behind divergent evolution? Explain.

Explanation:

Adaptation is the driving force behind divergent evolution. Divergent evolution is the phenomenon in which the organisms descending from common ancestors evolve gradually into a new species. The new species thus formed adapt themselves to the new habitat and environmental conditions. For eg., the forelimbs of bats, cheetahs, whales and humans have the same anatomical structures but perform different functions. Thus, in these animals, the same structure evolved into different forms according to the needs of the animals.

What are the types of evolution

Question:

What are the types of evolution

Explanation:

The different types of evolution are:

1. Convergent evolution– It is the process, which evolves independently, under similar selection pressures. For example, flying insects, birds and other flying species have all evolved the ability to fly, but independently of each other.
2. Coevolution evolution–It is the process in which two or more species evolve in tandem by exerting selection pressures on each other. For example, host and parasites, predators and prey,  flowering plants and pollinating insects and mutualistic or symbiotic interactions.
3. Adaptive radiation–It is the process in which a species splits into a number of new forms when a change in the environment makes new resources available or creates new environmental challenges. For example, finches on the Galapagos Islands have developed different shaped beaks to take advantage of the different kinds of food available on different islands.