How can the loss of biodiversity be prevented?

Question:

 How can the loss of biodiversity be prevented?

Answer:

The occurrence of different types of habitat, species, ecosystem, gene pool, a gene in a particular area in biodiversity. It can be conserved with various conservational strategies and management of abiotic and biotic resources. Listed below are a few conservational strategies:

• Natural conservation or protection of useful plants and animals in their natural habitats.

• Conserving crucial habitats like breeding and feeding areas, facilitating the growth and multiplication of endangered species

• Regulation or banning hunting activities

• Through bilateral or multilateral agreements, habitats of migratory entities should be conserved

• Spreading awareness of the significance of conservation of biodiversity

• Avoiding over-exploitation of natural resources

Write three different types of food chains in the ecosystem.

Question:

Write three different types of food chains in the ecosystem. 

Answer:

There are basically three different types of food chains in the ecosystem, namely –

• Grazing food chain (GFC) – This is the normal food chain that we observe in which plants are the producers and the energy flows from the producers to the herbivores (primary consumers), then to carnivores (secondary consumers) and so on.
• Saprophytic or Detritus food chain (DFC) – In this type of food chain, the dead organic matter occupies the lowermost level of the food chain, followed by the decomposers and so on.
• Parasitic food chain (PFC) – In this type of food chain, large organisms either the producer or the consumer is exploited and therefore the food passes to the smaller organism.

Explain the biogeochemical cycle. What is the significance of the reservoir in this cycle? With a reservoir situated in earth’s crust, give an example of a sedimentary cycle.

Question:

Explain the biogeochemical cycle. What is the significance of the reservoir in this cycle? With a reservoir situated in earth’s crust, give an example of a sedimentary cycle.

Answer: 

The movement of nutrient molecules through different components of an ecosystem is known as a biogeochemical cycle. There are two types of nutrient cycles – Sedimentary and gaseous. For the gaseous type of cycle, the atmosphere is the reservoir(nitrogen cycle) and for the sedimentary cycle – the crust of the earth is the reservoir (phosphorous cycle). The function of the reservoir is to be able to compensate for the deficiency that takes place due to the inequality in the flow of efflux and influx. Various environmental factors such as temperature, moisture in the soil, pH etc govern the rate of liberation of nutrients into the atmosphere. The phosphorus cycle is an example of the sedimentary type of cycle as it moves from land and approaches the bottom of the seas and reverts to the land, whose natural reservoir is the crust of the earth. Phosphorous is contained in rocks in the form of phosphates. Soil erosion and weathering cause them to enter water bodies. Movements of the crustal plates lead to seafloor being uplifted and hence exposure of phosphates on the land surfaces. Weathering over a period of time liberates phosphates, which are softened in soil and seeped by plant roots. Herbivores and other entities attain this element from producers. Decomposition of dead organisms and waste products by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria release phosphorous.

Identify the wrong match. (A) Mo - Nitrogen metabolism (B) B- Carbohydrate translocation (C) Zn - Auxin synthesis (C) Fe - Splitting of water

Question:

Identify the wrong match. 

(A) Mo - Nitrogen metabolism 

(B) B- Carbohydrate translocation 

(C) Zn - Auxin synthesis 

(C) Fe - Splitting of water

Answer: option (D) "Fe - Splitting of water".

Explanation:

Solution:

option (A): MO - nitrogen metabolism: 

The molybdenum nitrogenize is responsible for most biological nitrogen fixation, a prokaryotic metabolic process that determines the global biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and carbon. 

option (B): B- Carbohydrate translocation: 

Boron is necessary for the translocation of sugar (carbohydrates) in plants. 

option (C): Zn - Auxin synthesis: 

Auxin is a growth hormone which is synthesized by tryptophan as a precursor by tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. Zinc helps in the biosynthesis of auxin and its oxidative attack by free radical. It suppresses the production of oxygen during the synthesis of auxin and also acts as a coenzyme and activates the enzyme for auxin formation. 

option (D): Fe - Splitting of water: 

The enzyme has four Mn ions. Light energized Mn and removes electrons from OH- component of water forming oxygen. So, the essential element required for water splitting in photosynthesis leading to release of oxygen is Mn. 

Hence, the wrong match is option (D) "Fe - Splitting of water".

write type of plant growth.

Question:

write type of plant growth.

Explanation: 

Types of Plant Growth

Primary and Secondary Growth

The meristematic cells present at the root and shoot apices divide mitotically and increase the length of the plant body. This is known as primary growth. Secondary growth is referred to as the increase in the diameter of the plant body by the division of the secondary meristem.

Unlimited Growth

When the plant constantly grows from the germination stage to death, it is called unlimited growth.

Limited Growth

In this stage, the plant parts stop growing after attaining a certain size.

Vegetative Growth

It involves the production of stem, leaves, and branches, except the flowers.

Reproductive Growth

Flowering occurs at this type of growth stage.

Write the Factors Affecting Plant Growth

Question:

Write the Factors Affecting Plant Growth

Explanation:

Factors Affecting Plant Growth

There are four major factors that affect the growth of the plants. They are:

Light

Plants are autotrophs. They require light for manufacturing their food. Limited light or the absence of it greatly affects the growth of the plant. The intensity of light, quality of light, and light duration influence the movement of stomata, chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and various other physiological factors. Light also encourages flowering and fruiting. During winters when the days are short, the growth of the plants is retarded.

Water

Plants cannot survive without water. Around 90% of the plant body comprises water. Plants become stressed in the absence of water and die. Water present in the soil is absorbed by the plant, which absorbs and transports the nutrients along with it. Water keeps the plant hydrated.

Temperature

Plant growth is greatly influenced by temperature. High temperatures speed up transpiration, photosynthesis, and germination processes. Low temperatures, however, slow down the growth of the plants.

Nutrients

Just like human beings, plants require proper nourishment for their growth and development. Soil nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus are the macronutrients required by the plants. The micronutrients include iron, copper, etc. Deficiency of these nutrients in plants makes them prone to several diseases. Even if a single nutrient is lacking, it results in stunted growth of the plant.

Fusion of dissimilar gamete is:- (i) Allogamy (ii) Fertilization (iii) Autogamy (iv) Dichogamy

Question:
Fusion of dissimilar gamete is:- 

(i) Allogamy 

(ii) Fertilization 

(iii) Autogamy 

(iv) Dichogamy

Answer: option (ii) "Fertilization".

Explanation:

Cross-pollination in a crop plant is known as allogamy. Allogamy is defined as fertilization of ovum of a flower by the pollen of another flower on the different plant. The pollen is transferred from the anther of a male flower to the stigma of a female flower. Allogamy takes place because of the male and female part of a particular flower mature at a different time. Dichogamy is a condition when the stamens and pistils of a flower mature at different times to prevent self-fertilization. Autogamy is the phenomena of fusion of gametes produced from the same individual. It involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. It is avoided when the number of seed is less, or the produced pollen is not able to fuse and germinate with the ovule of the same flower or the produced pollen are not healthy. Fusion of dissimilar gametes is fertilization. It takes place during sexual reproduction where the male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote. 

Hence, the correct answer is option (ii) "Fertilization".