What is Leprosy? list out the type of Leprosy.

Question:

What is Leprosy? list out the type of Leprosy.

Answer:

Leprosy is a disease that causes severe, scarring skin sores and nerve damage in the limbs. Leprosy disease has affected people on every continent. Leprosy is actually not that infectious but it spreads when a healthy person comes in regular and close contact with mouse droplets and leprosy patient. Children get more affected by this disease than adults. Almost, 180000 people all over the world get infected with leprosy.

The Leprosy disease mainly affects the peripheral nerves, skin, upper respiratory tract and the eyes. The most prevalent possibility of transmission is through the respiratory route. Leprosy is also transmitted through insects.

Let us have a detailed look at the Leprosy disease, different types of leprosy, causes of Leprosy, symptoms and treatment of Leprosy disease.

Types of Leprosy

There are six types of leprosy and are mainly classified based on the severity of symptoms, which include- Intermediate, Tuberculoid, Borderline tuberculoid, Mid-borderline, Borderline and Lepromatous leprosy.

Let us know more about each of them in detail.

Intermediate Leprosy

It is the earliest stage of leprosy. In this stage, patients suffer from flat lesions which may heal by themselves without progressing in case of strong immunity.

Tuberculoid Leprosy

It is the mild and less serious type of leprosy. People suffering from this disease have some patches of flat and pale-colored skin and have no sensation in the affected area because of nerve damage. This is less infectious than other forms. This infection heals on its own, or it can persist and progress to a more severe form.

Borderline tuberculoid Leprosy

The symptoms at this stage are quite similar to the tuberculoid but the infections may be quite smaller and more in number which may continue and revert to tuberculoid, or to any other advanced form.

Mid-borderline Leprosy

The sign and symptoms of this stage are quite similar to the Borderline tuberculoid leprosy. This includes reddish plaques with the numbness which may regress or progress to another form.

Borderline Leprosy

This type of leprosy is a cutaneous skin condition and the main symptoms include multiple wounds or scars including plaques, flat, raised bumps that may continue or regress.

Lepromatous Leprosy

It is considered a more severe type of disease with many lesions with bacteria. The affected region is full of bumps, numbness, muscle weakness and rashes. Other symptoms include limb weakness, hair loss and other body parts such as kidneys, nose and male reproductive system are also affected. It is more infectious than tuberculoid leprosy which never regresses. 

Write Symptoms of Sleeping Sickness, also write prevention.

Question:

Write Symptoms of Sleeping Sickness, also write prevention. 

Answer:

Symptoms of Sleeping Sickness

A lot of changes occur in the body after the infection. Few symptoms of sleeping sickness are listed below:

• An unclear speech.
• Seizures.
• Irritation.
• Swelling of the brain.
• Swelling of the lymph nodes.
• Causes weakness in the body.
• Feeling of sleeplessness.
• Severe sweating.
• Formation of red sores on places of infection.
• Severe fever conditions.
• Mood changes.
• Skin Rashes.
• Severe headaches.
• Develop severe pain in the joint.
• Personality changes.
• Feel difficulty in walking and etc.

Sleeping Sickness Prevention

Early recognition of the disease might help to avoid the difficulty and major risks. Some of the prevention and treatment measures include:

• Early treatment of the infected persons, including the person showing no symptoms.
• Using insecticides to protect oneself against the bite of Tsetse fly.
• By maintaining clearings around the villages and also residential areas.
• Use of repellents or fly traps to stay away from the flies.

 

Write Life Cycle and examples of Pteridophyta.

Question:

Write Life Cycle and examples of Pteridophyta.

Answer:

Pteridophytes show alternation of generations. Their life cycle is similar to seed-bearing plants, however, the pteridophytes differ from mosses and seed plants as both haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations are independent and free-living. The sexuality of pteridophytic gametophytes can be classified as follows:

1. Dioicous: the individual gametophyte is either a male producing antheridia and sperm or a female producing archegonia and egg cells.
2. Monoicous: every individual gametophyte may produce both antheridia and archegonia and it can function both as a male as well as a female.
3. Protandrous: the antheridia matures before the archegonia.
4. Protogynous: the archegonia matures before the antheridia.

Pteridophyta Examples

Following are the important examples of Pteridophyta:

• Whisk Fern
• Dicksonia
• Selaginella
• Lycopodium
• Equisetum
• Pteris
• Dryopteris
• Adiantum
• Man fern
• Silver fern

 

Write Pteridophyta Characteristics.

Question: 

Write Pteridophyta Characteristics.

Answer:

1. Pteridophytes are considered as the first plants to be evolved on land:

It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land. And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the Pteridophytes.

2. They are cryptogams, seedless and vascular:

Pteridophytes are seedless, and they reproduce through spores. They contain vascular tissues but lack xylem vessels and phloem companion cells.

3. The plant body has true roots, stem and leaves:

They have well-differentiated plant body into root, stem and leaves.

4. Spores develop in sporangia:

The sporangium is the structures in which spores are formed. They are usually homosporous (meaning: one type of spore is produced) and are also heterosporous, (meaning: two kinds of spores are produced.)

Read More: Sporulation

5. Sporangia are produced in groups on sporophylls:

Leaves that bear the sporangia are termed as sporophylls. The tip of the leaves tends to curl inwards to protect the vulnerable growing parts.

6. Sex organs are multicellular:

The male sex organs are called antheridia, while the female sex organs are called archegonia.

7. They show true alternation of generations:

The sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation are observed in Pteridophytes. The diploid sporophyte is the main plant body.

Write Pteridophyta Classification.

Question:

Write Pteridophyta Classification.

Answer:

Pteridophyta is classified into four main classes:

Psilopsida

• They are the most primitive.
• The stem is photosynthetic and dichotomously branched.
• Rhizoids are present.
• Leaves are mostly absent.
• The sporophyte is homosporous synangium.
• Examples- Psilotum and Tmesipteris.

Lycopsida

• They are commonly known as club moss.
• Well-differentiated plant body with adventitious root, stem, rhizophores and leaves.
• The sporophyte is homosporous or heterosporous.
• Examples- Selaginella, Lycopodium.

Sphenopsida

• Commonly known as horsetail.
• Well-differentiated plant body with roots arising from nodes of the underground rhizome, stem and scaly leaves.
• Homosporous, sporangia are borne on strobili.
• Examples- Equisetum.

Pteropsida

• Commonly known as a fern.
• Well-differentiated plant body with roots, stem and leaves.
• The sporophyte is homosporous or heterosporous.
• Antherozoids are multiflagellate.
• Examples- Pteris, Dryopteris, Adiantum

 

Write Factors of Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution.

Question: 

Write Factors of Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution.

Answer:

There are some factors describing the modern theory of synthetic evolution which are as explained below-

In addition to these reactions, the other factors affecting the working of the process are the migration of the individuals from one form of the population to other, hybridization between the races of species increases the genetic variability of the popu­lation.

Recombination or Variation

Recombination of the new genotypes from the existing genes. The gene combinations having same indi­viduals with two kinds of alleles, mixing of the chromosomes during sexual reproduc­tion of two parents produce new individuals, an exchange of the chromosomal pairs of alleles during the meiosis which is called crossing overproduce the new form of gene combinations. Chromosomal mutations like deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation, polyploidy result in the recombination.

Mutation

The changes that occur in the gene due to phenotypic effect differential as the mutation. This produces a variety of changes that may be harmful. Many of the mutant forms of genes are recessive to the normal genes in a homozygous condition. These mutations cause variations in off springs.

Heredity

The transmission occurring in the variations from the parents to their off springs is a primary mechanism in the evolution. The organisms which possess hereditary properties are favored in the struggle for the existence. By this, the off springs benefit from the characteristics of parents.

Natural selection

Natural selection produces a change in the frequency of the genes from one generation to the other favouring the differential form of the reproduction. The natural selection process creates an adaptive relation between the environment and the population through various combinations of genes.

Isolation

It is one of the significant factors responsible for the synthetic theory of evolution. The isolation helps in preventing the interbreeding of related organisms which is a reproductive form of isolation.

What is plant tissue culture? also write procedure, type and uses of plant tissue culture.

Question:

What is plant tissue culture? also write procedure, type and uses of plant tissue culture.

Answer:

Plant tissue culture was a new addition to the methods of plant breeding that developed around the 1950s. Since the conventional breeding techniques could not fulfil the required demand of crops, tissue culture came around as a grand leap in breeding practices. It makes use of parts of a plant to generate multiple copies of the plant in a very short duration. The technique exploits the property of totipotency of plant cell which means that any cell from any part of the plant can be used to generate a whole new plant.

Types of Plant tissue culture

1. Seed Culture
2. Embryo Culture
3. Callus Culture
4. Organ Culture
5. Protoplast Culture
6. Anther Culture

Procedure of Plant tissue culture

The part(s) of the plant used for culturing is known as explants. The explants are cultured in-vitro on a nutrient medium that caters to fulfil its nutritional requirements. The nutrient medium must provide the following:-

1. Macronutrients – This includes elements like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S) which is required for proper growth and morphogenesis.
2. Micronutrients – Elements like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) etc., which are also crucial to the growth of tissues.
3. Carbon or Energy source – This is one of the most crucial ingredients of the nutrient media. Sucrose is the most widely used carbon source among other carbohydrates that serve to provide C, H, and O.
4. Vitamins, amino acids, and other inorganic salts.

Apart from these, the culture media also serves as a medium for supplying phytohormones or plant growth regulators to the issues which bring about their morphogenesis as per requirement. The tissues of the explants first lose their specificity to form a hard brown lump known as callus. The callus then splits to develop a plant organ or a whole new plant depending upon the quantity and composition of phytohormones supplied. The entire process requires strict aseptic conditions to be maintained at all times as a single contamination can ruin an entire batch of plants.

Uses of Plant tissue culture

Tissue culture is used to develop thousands of genetically identical plants from one single parent plant known as somaclones, and this process is known as micropropagation. The method offers an advantage over other methods as it can be used to develop disease free plants from disease-rode plants by using their meristems (apical and axillary) as explants.

Since this method produces new plantlets by the score of thousands, it has been used extensively for the production of commercially important plants including food plants like tomato, banana, apple etc. The most notable example of the application of micropropagation was observed in the farming of orchids as it rose exponentially due to the availability of millions of plantlets due to tissue culture methods.

For a more detailed understanding of plant tissue