Write Traditional Methods of Irrigation.

Question:

Write Traditional Methods of Irrigation.

Answer:

Traditional methods of irrigation are the oldest method used in the earlier years., which are more affordable, efficient than the modern methods.  Some of these methods of irrigation are still followed today.

The traditional methods of irrigation include the following:

• Check Basin Method
• Furrow Irrigation Method
• Strip Irrigation Method
• Basin Irrigation Method

Check Basin Method

It is one of the best methods of irrigation for levelled fields. The field is divided into basins according to the water capacity. A small drain connects the basin. The basin size is as per the water inflow. The topmost place in the field is the main source of water.

This method does not require any technique. Also, it is rather inexpensive. It prevents soil erosion as the rainwater stays in the basin. A large area can be efficiently irrigated by this method.

Furrow Irrigation

Furrow irrigation is very prominent in crops planted in rows. ‘Dol’ (meaning: to sprout) is formed along the sides of the rows and the water flows between two ‘Dols’.

If the furrow is filled, there is no need to provide water again. It is comparatively cheap but is labour-intensive. Food crops planted in large areas get a huge amount of water by this method.

Strip Irrigation

The fields are divided into strips of different sizes. The strips are constructed according to the slope. The structure of the land determines the size of the strips. It is an easy irrigation method and requires less labour.

Write importance of irrigation.

Question:

Write importance of irrigation.

Answer:

Importance of Irrigation

The importance of irrigation can be explained in the following points:

1. Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. Droughts and famines are caused due to low rainfall. Irrigation helps to increase productivity even in low rainfall.
2. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land.
3. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the regions. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year. Irrigation facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country.
4. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation.
5. Irrigation has stabilized the output and yield levels.
6. Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases the income of the farmers.

Irrigation should be optimum because even over-irrigation can spoil the crop production. Excess water leads to waterlogging, hinder germination, increased salt concentration and uprooting because roots can’t withstand standing water. Thus the proper method is to be used for the best cultivation.

Write three basic characteristics of a modern landfill site. What are the reasons they are used?

Question:

Write three basic characteristics of a modern landfill site. What are the reasons they are used?

Answer:

Following are the characteristics:

• Compaction and integument of the waste to prevent it from being blown by the wind

• Procedures to contain leachates such as lining clay or plastic liners

• To extract gas to use in the generation of power, landfills gas extraction systems are installed.

The following are the reasons why their use must be promoted:

• Through recycling and recovery of waste, they trigger the waste prevention

• A uniform cost for the disposal of waste is created which subsequently will prevent the essential transport of waste.

• They help in bringing down negative effects on the environment and risk to human health that emerges from the landfilling of wastes.

Explain organic farming. In a developing nation like India, discuss its benefits as a viable practice.

Question:

Explain organic farming. In a developing nation like India, discuss its benefits as a viable practice.

Answer:

In an eco-friendly and pollution-free environment, organic farming mainly aims at sustainable production. Cultivation on land happens through techniques such as green manure, crop rotation, composting and biological pesticides along with beneficial microbes instead of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Few of its benefits are:

• Regulates diseases and pests without causing harm to the environment

• Maintains long-term soil fertility

• Assures that water remains safe and clean.

• To make it economic, use resources which already exists with the farmer

• Produces high-quality crops and nutritious food.

Use of organic farming techniques in developing nations makes much more sense. Modern agricultural practices make use of expensive herbicides and chemical fertilizers which ooze out from the soil and contaminate water bodies damaging the fertility of the soil.

Write notes on electronic wastes. Write about the various sources of e-wastes and issues associated with its disposal.

Question:

Write notes on electronic wastes. Write about the various sources of e-wastes and issues associated with its disposal.

Answer: 

Solid wastes can be recyclable, biodegradable, non-biodegradable and can be categorized as municipal wastes – the sewage, hospital and nursing wastes, industrial wastes and electronic wastes. Mobiles, irreparable computers, and other such electronic goods are known as e-waste or electronic wastes. Some of their sources are:

• Many developing countries like India, China import irreparable electronic goods for their precious metals like nickel, gold, copper.

• E-wastes should be disposed of in landfills or incinerated

• Manual extraction of metals from e-wastes takes place in developing countries. Hence working with them can expose one to toxic substances present in it, leading to skin diseases

• Recycling is the only solution for e-waste treatment.

Describe any three assisted reproductive techniques practiced to treat infertility.

Question:

Describe any three assisted reproductive techniques practiced to treat infertility.

Answer:

 Assisted Reproductive Techniques refer to the medical procedures used to treat infertility. Few of the assisted reproductive techniques are:

• In-vitro Fertilization- In-vitro fertilization involves the steps:

Stimulation of the ovaries by giving human gonadotropins ↓ Retrieving the released eggs ↓ Fertilization of the eggs with the selected sperms. ↓ Development of eggs into embryos under laboratory environment ↓ The embryos are implanted in the uterus of the female

• Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection- In this method, one sperm is injected into the egg. But this procedure might damage the egg. The babies might involve defects in the reproductive organs in case of the abnormal Y chromosome.
• Gamete Intrafallopian Tube Transfer- This method is used in case of fallopian tubes that are functioning properly. In this technique, the eggs and sperms obtained are not fertilized in the laboratory. They are inserted into the far end of the fallopian tube either through the vagina or through the abdomen with the help of a laparoscope.

Explain the ecosystem service. Write any four ecosystem services rendered by the natural ecosystem. Are you in support or against imposing a charge on the service given by the ecosystem?

Question:

Explain the ecosystem service. Write any four ecosystem services rendered by the natural ecosystem. Are you in support or against imposing a charge on the service given by the ecosystem?

Answer:

Ecosystem services are the products of ecosystem processes. The major services of ecological services are forests. Some of their services are:

• Water and air purification

• Droughts and flood alleviation

• Cycling nutrients

• Fertile soil generation

• Rendering wildlife habitat

• Promoting biodiversity

• Crop pollination

• Provisions of a storage site for carbon

• Facilitating with cultural, aesthetic and spiritual values

No, not in favors of levying a charge. However, it is necessary to understand what nature is offering for free. Misusing or overusing resources may impose a heavy cost.